Artificial Intelligence of Machines

Question: Discuss about the Artificial Intelligence of Machines. Answer: Introduction: Artificial Intelligence in the words of Hoagland (1985), its a new effort to made computers think; in short artificial intelligence can be explained as machines with Minds. Artificial intelligence is the property of the machines in which they can think themselves and take necessary actions as required for the given conditions. AI can understand its environment perfectly and take necessary steps as required according to the situation. Its a field of study in computer science which is concentrated over the automation of intelligent behavior in the machines. A human being is unique because of its ability to think and analyze the challenges and capabilities perfectly and we could take necessary steps for the solution of the problems. The Artificial acts same and provides this property to the machines so that they can become intelligent just like the Human beings (Luger Stubblefield, 1993). This commonly involves two main approaches which are reasoning ability and thought process it shou ld be relational as well which means a machine could be rational if it has the ability to perfectly analyze and do the right thing. This requires extensive work and engineering which are evolved with the functions of the Artificial Intelligence. A robot with intelligence can perform a task with accuracy and more efficiently, which is considers as one of the advantages of the Artificial Intelligence. In this assignment, I will discuss the Artificial Intelligence starting from the History and the Evolution. In present Artificial Intelligence is in the developing phase and it's being more accurate and perfect day by day. Literature review: History: Artificial intelligence is a collection of the thoughts, philosophy, and reasoning. From over last 2000 years of tradition in philosophy the theory o the reasoning and philosophy have emerged in significant way. With the development of the human civilization and Mathematics, we have reached ahead. Philosophy, Mathematics, Psychology development has played a significant role in the development of the artificial intelligence. Many Mathematicians has invented many short tricks and methods which were used for the complex mathematical calculations. Later, calculators and counters have played a significant role in the development of technologies which could do faster calculations. The evolution of computer and software has done a significant job with the development of the Artificial Intelligence. The AI research field was first founded in a conference on the campus of the Dartmouth College in the year 1956 which has attracted many types of research like John McCarthy and Arthur Samuel (Cr evier, 1993). Till the 60s the Artificial Intelligence research were mainly funded by the Ministry of Defense with laboratories around the world (Howe, 1994). In 80s the research had achieved significant success in the field of artificial intelligence with the evolution of the Expert systems which has the capability to stimulate the knowledge and the reasoning ability of more than one human expert. This system was commercially successful as many companies and government agencies have adopted this system for the betterment of the businesses and for the research purposes. The artificial Intelligence has been utilized by the researchers for analysis in research facilities and this became useful for them and later on this system was adopted by many more organizations (Russel, 1995). Evolution and Progress: The artificial field of research was first proposed in a conference in the year 1956 which was later proceed by different studies. The evolution of the artificial Intelligence can be found millennia ago with the development of the human civilization. In the dawn of 19th century, William Paley first argued about the requirement of the intelligent designers which are needed for the development of the complex adaptive system. One of very first papers on the machine Intelligence names computing Machinery and Intelligence was written by the British mathematician Alan Turing (Turing, 1950). He started to research over the computable numbers and in the year 1937 he has proposed central limit theorem and wrote about the computable numbers where he has proposed the concept of universal machine. This was used by the British Intelligence in during the Second World War to break the German coded Messages. Successful completion of the artificial Intelligence we need two things, which are artifacts and the intelligence (Negnevitsky, 2005). The computer is considered as artifacts and best equipment which can demonstrate the intelligence. The first operational modern computer was Heath Robinson in the year 1940; this was built by the team of Alan Turings team. In later years many vacuum tubes used Computers came into existence also some programmable computers like German Z-3 computers. The first breakthrough was the IBM 701 which was the most successful General purpose digital computer. This computer became a successful invention in the decade and yielded billions of dollars as revenue for the IBM. This led to the revolution in the computer industry and companies started to spend over the research on the most improved version of the computer system (Specter, 2006). Generation based computer development led to the development of the more improved and developed computer system. The most improved version is the 5th generation of computers which we are using nowadays and, this has the capability calculate a large number of algorithms at a time. The development of the Software system cant be ignored as this made a significant impact on the development of the Artificial Intelligence. In a time frame, the evolution of the artificial Intelligence ranges from the year 1950 to 2015. 1950- Alan turning Turing published the first paper about the artificial Intelligence and stated the possibility of the machines with Intelligence. Alan and team also introduce the first computer which they have used in World War 2 for decoding German messages. This led to the invention of the Vacuum pipe based computer system (Russel, 2003). 1956- John McCarthy first established the Artificial Intelligence research field in a conference. This was stated here and lead to the establishment of research field regarding the Artificial Intelligence. This conference was attended by many types of research. 1995- US department of defiance first used UAV in Balkan war. The predator drone was equipped with Artificial Intelligence system and this led to further development in this field. 1997- IBM Deep blue AI system wins a chess match against world champion Gary Kasparov. 2011- Debut of Virtual personal assistance like SIRI and Cortana. SIRI and CORTANA are two personal assistant robots which are developed by Apple Inc. and Microsoft Corp. 2011- IBM Watson computer defeats Jeopardy game show champion. Oct 2013- Vicarious breaks any Captcha and passed the Turing test. Jan 2014- Deep mind teams created a program which won the Atari Games. May 2015- Google started the self-driven cars, which are considered as a revolution in human history. This project is still in development phase and its considered as the next generation machine with Intelligence. Jun 2015- Facebook detects launches moments which can detect faces and make a gallery with tagging the friends whom they know. The timeline describes the real changes which have occurred since the evolution of the Artificial Intelligence. As this is considered that artificial intelligence consists of developing human intelligence and rationality in the machines so we must talk about the human civilization development. Advancement of artificial intelligence: Artificial Intelligence exists in our day to day life, the spell checker which is used by the computers and automatic spelling correction are few examples which we can count. A machine with Artificial Intelligence or we can say that a machine with the self-thinking and analyzing ability is somewhat equal to the normal human being. We use SIRI in our day to day life for personal assistance; the SIRI is a personal assistant for us. This is a robot with own thinking ability and it's designed to solve our issues related to different dimensions. A mining robot goes into the deep ocean and explores the possibility of the existence of oil and minerals inside the sea surface which are a difficult task for a human being meanwhile NASA is extensively using robots with self-intelligence for the Space missions. Artificial can do different tasks; Reasoning and Logic: This is considered as one of the basic needs of the Artificial Intelligence. This is considered as the inbuilt ability of the Artificial Intelligence, which means the machines can do reasoning and produce logic as we humans do. Machines with intelligence are being used in a security system as well as in the defense program by the governments around the world. The present Black Hawk MK 2 predator drone which was developed by the US Department of Defense and this is being used for different purposes. The machines are programmed to do as a specific task which is assigned to do. The accuracy and the time efficiency are considered as major parts (Poole, 1998). Artificial intelligence and their application in our day to day life are increasing significantly. Nowadays with the greater research and development in the computer as well as in the software system is making it more users friendly and advanced. AI is being used in the Games where the opponents are programmed and they can take own moves as per requirements. Machine learning is another thing which can be seen in the artificial intelligence; robots are dancing over the music beats and giving expression. The same applies when robots are playing football like we play with certain moves. This defines the ability of machine learning; these machines are programmed so that they can do certain tasks with more accuracy and with more efficiency at less time (Bundy, 1980). In the 21st century the computer system, as well as the software system, is developing at a greater pace which is considered as host and mind in the Artificial intelligence. Advantage and Disadvantages: The advantages of Artificial Intelligence: The main advantage of the AI is that there is no chance of any error in the work and it also provides the greater accuracy. As we know the computer programs which are being used for the security and checking purposes has an already designed algorithm which they need to follow. Artificial Intelligence helps to reduce the faults which may occur in the humans. In the year 1997- IBM Deep blue AI system wins a chess match against world champion Gary Kasparov. It helps in the mining purpose, as this helps the researchers and miners as intelligent robots explore the ocean earth crust so that find out the presence of fuel and minerals. The intelligent machines and robots explore deep oceans where working for human us difficult. It helps us in playing games- Artificial Intelligence is being used in many games just like FIFA, GTA and much more. The artificial Intelligence plays as our opponent in the game and plans the moves perfectly. The Fraud detection of the card system is possible only because of this artificial intelligence. It helps to repeat the task again and again without any broadness it always works with the same efficiency. The greatest advantage of the Artificial Intelligence is the time efficiency. The machines with Intelligence can work faster and with a more accurate way to do any kind of task. They dont need sleep and rest, thats why many automobile and manufacturing companies are employing Robots with Intelligence for the work purpose. These robots assemble the automobile parts with great accuracy as they work as programmed. The disadvantages of the artificial intelligence: The main disadvantage of the artificial intelligence is that it is too costly to maintain and repair. As this is still in the development phase and there are very few players in the market who are offering AI services. This makes it costly to afford. The machines store huge data, but it cannot store the data as the human beings can store it has limitation. As for the example the computers ( Intel Core 2) ha 291 million transistors whereas the number of neurons in human brains accounts as 20 billion and the number of Synapses in the human brain is about 240 trillion. If the control of the machines goes in the hand of any wrong person then it can cause destruction. This is an imminent threat to the human being if someone use this system in a wrong way. This is widely discussed amo0ng the masses. Another Disadvantage of the Artificial intelligence is the lack of human touch in different activities. How robots can compete with the human mind, this is an important question. Humans are emotional and they can feel and analyze a situation more accurately than a machine can do. With the Increasing use of the Artificial Intelligence, there are several concerns about the human abilities. This may impact humans thinking and working capabilities, with depending heavily upon the machines and over the artificial intelligence the humans will become more dependent. Conclusion: In this assignment, I have discussed the Artificial Intelligence. Artificial system is a revolutionary development in human history which consists of philosophy, behavior and the technological advancement generation by generations. In this assignment, I conclude that Artificial Intelligence is an ongoing development in the present human generation which will define the future of the human-made technology. The present artificial Intelligence contains the roots from last 2000 years when human civilizations started to define the behavior and philosophy. I have also discussed the Evolution of the Computer system as well as the Artificial Intelligence; this was first started in 1951 by the British scientist Turing which is later preceded by different researchers and scientists. The evolution process also contains the development of the digital computer and the software. I have also mentioned the ability of the Artificial Intelligence, what this technology can do and where we are using thi s technology. The pros and cons are also stated in the assignment. These advantages and Disadvantages are something which is needed to be addressed properly. Especially, the impacts of the artificial Intelligence over the Human thinking and working ability. Being too much dependable over the artificial intelligence and technology will make us lazy and dependable over the technology. This will also affect our capabilities, so we need to address these issues to improve the situation which we may face. Reference: Crevier, Daniel (1993), AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence, New York, NY: BasicBooks McCorduck, Pamela (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, MA: A. K. Peters, Ltd Nilsson, Nils (2009). 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